A Few Words about our Oldest Science

A Few Words about our Oldest Science Astronomy is one of those subjects that just reaches out and grabs you the first time you step outside under a sky full of stars. Sure, its a science, but astronomy is also a cultural practice. People have watched the skies since the first person looked up and wondered about what was up there. Once they got the hang of observing and noticing what was happening in the sky, it wasnt long before people figured out a way to use the sky as a calendar for planting, growing, harvesting, and hunting. It aided in survival.   Noticing Sky Cycles It didnt take long for observers to notice that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Or, that the Moon moves through a monthly cycle of phases. Or, that certain spots of light in the sky move against the backdrop of stars (which appear to twinkle due to the action of Earths atmosphere).. Those wanderers, which look more disk-like, became known as planets, after the Greek word planetes. From Earth, with the naked eye, you can seeMercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The others require a telescope, and are quite faint. The point is, these are things you can see for yourself.   Oh, and you can also see the Moon, which is one of the easiest objects to observe. Study its mottled surface and it will show you evidence of ancient (and recent) bombardments. Did you know that the Moon was created when Earth and another object collided early in solar system history? And, if we didnt have a moon, there might not be life on Earth?   Thats a fascinating aspect of astronomy that most of us dont think about! Star Patterns Help you Navigate the Sky If you watch the sky a few nights in a row, youll notice star patterns. Stars are more or less randomly arranged in three-dimensional  space, but from our point of view on Earth, they appear in patterns called constellations. The Northern Cross, also known as Cygnus the Swan, is one such pattern. So is Ursa Major, which contains the Big Dipper, and the constellation Crux in the Southern Hemisphere skies. While those are merely a trick of perspective, those patterns help us make our way around the sky. They add order to an otherwise chaotic-seeming universe. You Can Do Astronomy You dont need much to do astronomy: just your eyes and a good dark sky sight. Oh, you can add in binoculars, or a telescope to help magnify your view, but they arent necessary when youre getting started. For thousands of years, people did astronomy without any fancy equipment at all.   The science of astronomy began as   people went out and observed each night and made notes of what they saw. In time, they DID build telescopes, and eventually attached cameras to them, to record what they saw. Today, astronomers use the light (emissions) from objects in space to understand a great deal about those objects (including their temperatures and motions in space). To do this, they  use ground-based AND space-based observatories to study the far distant reaches of the universe. Astronomy concerns itself with studying and explaining everything from nearby planets to the earliest galaxies that formed not long after the universe was born, some 13.8 billion years ago.   Making Astronomy a Career To do Big Astronomy, people need a solid background in math and physics, but they still need a basic familiarity with the sky. They need to know what stars and planets are, and what galaxies and nebulae look like. So, in the end, it all still comes down to that basic activity of going out and looking up. And, if you get hooked, you can take it at your own speed, learning the constellations, the names and motions of the planets, and eventually peering out to deep space with your own telescope and binoculars.   Deep down, were all astronomers and were descended from astronomers. So, when you go out tonight and look up, think about this: youre carrying on a tradition as old as humanity. Where you go from there - well, the skys the limit!

Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar

Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar By Maeve Maddox To begin with, Caesar was a family name. Now, in various forms, it is a generic term for ruler or emperor. In Roman naming practice, a newborn child was given three names (tria nomina). The praenomen was a name like Lucius or Marcus. The second name was the name of the tribe, clan, or gens, such as the Julii or Cornelii. The third name was the cognomen, a nickname that distinguished one branch of a gens from another. Sometimes an adult would adopt a fourth name called an agnomen. This was a nickname he had earned himself. Caesar was the cognomen of the family to which the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar was born. Its origin has been explained in various ways: The cognomen Caesar originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarian section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum).[5] The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin caesaries); that he had bright grey eyes (Latin oculis caesiis); or that he killed an elephant (caesai in Moorish) in battle.[6] Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favoured this interpretation of his name.[7] (Wikipeda) Julius Caesar himself had a receding hairline so another possible explanation is that his family may have carried the gene of male pattern baldness and the nickname Caesar (hairy) was ironic. When Julius Caesar was killed, his nephew, whom he adopted as his heir, took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. The Octavianus was his birth name so he kept it. Later on the Senate gave him the agnomen Augustus. Thats the name by which he is known as the first Emperor of Rome. Augustus and his first four successors were related by blood so they all more or less had the right to the name Caesar. After the death of Nero, however, the Empire was up for grabs. In the chaotic year of the four emperors that followed Neros death, the name Caesar became a synonym for ruler. Galba was the first to assume it as a title. (He got to use it for about seven months.) So famous was the title Caesar that it found its way into all the European languages. It was probably the first Latin word adopted by the Germanic languages to which English belongs. The Romans pronounced the word with a hard c and thats how it came into the Germanic languages. If it hadnt been for the immense influence of Norse and French on English during the Middle Ages, the modern English word for caesar would have developed into something like coser. During the time of the close relationship between the English and the Danes, however, the English replaced their own word with the Norse keiser (cayser, kaiser). Then, after the Norman Conquest, when French became the language of the ruling classes in Engand, the French word, with its soft c pronunciation, became the preferred form. Later on, the word Kaiser came into English again, this time as the title of the German rulers. The word Czar, which English speakers use to refer to the Russian emperors, entered the Russian language as Tsar, the Old Slavic version of Caesar: tsesari. The spelling Czar is a respelling of the Russian word with the letters of the Latin alphabet. The spelling with cz was common in European languages because that was how it was spelled the first time it appeared in a European book in 1549, but the French adopted the spelling tsar in the 19th century and the London Times prefers it. In German it is spelled Zar. In the U.S. the word czar is now used to refer to anyone who is in a position of some kind of control. Ex. Drug Czar (either a powerful drug dealer OR a government official supposed to combat drug trafficking); Education Czar. Little Caesar (1931) is the title of an historically significant film in which Edward G. Robinson played a gangster and defined the cinematic crime genre. Such is the continuing charisma of the word that it continues to be used to suggest power and grandeur. The words association with food is probably owing to its Italian origin. (Ex. Little Caesars Pizza.) A Caesars Salad, however, has nothing to do with the late dictator. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the salad is named for Cesar Cardini, a restaurant owner in Tijuana, Mexico who is said to have served the first one in about 1924. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"50 Idioms About Roads and PathsApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Is Latin language affect us today in United States Research Paper

Is Latin language affect us today in United States - Research Paper Example Latin has had an important influence in the configuration of English at all stages of its insular development more so in the United States. It continues to be studied across Europe and especially among Americans. Latin is a medieval language that was prominently used during the periods of Roman Empire. The language has however survived particularly through numerous literary works of Roman scholars and philosophers (McGraw, 2012). It has widely estimated that only 20 to 30 percent comprises words of Old English while the rest have been borrowed from various languages among them Latin language. From this findings the influence of Latin in English, is thought to be lexical in nature that mainly center on words that have Latin roots. But as much as the language is impacting the citizens of United States, critics have it that the language is long dead and has no significant influence on the lives of the citizens in the United States and has its mentioning only in the scientific words and among denominations of Roman origin. Generally being the only surviving language of Italic language family .Latin remains a significant piece of linguistic puzzle among the United States. According to Draper and Hicks (2006), Latin is currently the fourth most spoken language among high school students in the United States, ahead of such modern languages as Italian and Japanese, this is a clear indication that the language is gaining popularity especially among the youths. This is particularly evidenced by the fact that most organizations, universities and institutions all over the United States have Latin mottos, even today. For example, Harvard’s motto simply states â€Å"Veritas† which means the truth, Yale’s motto is â€Å"Lux et Veritas† meaning light and truth. On the other hand, Princeton’s motto is a Latin phrase â€Å"Dei sub numine viget† which translates as â€Å"Under Gods power she flourishes. The motto of the US

High and low culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

High and low culture - Term Paper Example In order to understand the history and the relationship between the high and the low culture it would be necessary to refer to their basic characteristics. In accordance with Inglis, the term ‘low culture’ is used in order to describe ‘cultural products which exhibit qualities that are the opposite of great art’. However, at this point, the following problem appears: which would be the criteria on which the evaluation of a piece of art as of ‘high’ or ‘low’ culture would be based? It is explained that the views of people on art and quality can be differentiated. Works of art which are considered as of low quality for a particular individual may be regarded as exceptional by another person, i.e. subjectivity when referring to high or low culture cannot be avoided. At the same time, low culture has been related to the characteristics/ background of the creator, meaning that culture produced by people belonging in disadvantage minorities is likely to be considered as ‘low’ even if its quality is significant. On the other hand, it is made clear that the distance between high c ulture and everyday life is not so high as believed. It is noted that high culture can be used, at the same level as the low culture, for understanding the cultural trends of people within a particular society. On the other hand, Ferrarotti notes that the differentiation between the high and the low culture – also known as popular culture – reflects ‘the dichotomy between articulated culture and culture conceived of as a mode of life.

Accounting of Enron Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting of Enron - Case Study Example was also a player in the accounting profession, he had the responsibility of upholding the integrity of his profession, which, according to Marion (2001), entails reliability, competence, objectivity and above that, integrity. The ethical responsibilities of a corporate attorney and as pointed out by Desjardins and McCall (2005), can be seen to include, the screening of clients’ reports before they are released publicly, and also the setting up of press-briefing meeting, in the case that any news or reports concerning the client firm, wants to be released to the general public. An employee such as Sherron Watkins can act as a whistle-blower to the outside authorities with regards to the on-goings within the company in the event that the company engages in the breach of law or poses a threat to public interests (Nindya, 2010). Nindya further goes on to note that one should owe their loyalty to the ‘parts’, which make up the company, and who, as in this case, happen to be the shareholders. The board of directors, as pointed out by Desjardins and McCall (2005), owes its primary responsibility to the shareholders. This means that, all the efforts by the board of directors should be aimed at safe-guarding he interests of the shareholders in the company. In an attempt to ensure that the board meets these responsibilities, laws can be put in place, for example, and as Nindya (2010) points out, each of the board members can be required to pledge loyalty to the shareholders, with regards to their conduct and not just the company as an entity separate from its shareholders. Government regulators have responsibility towards business, the market and the general public. Focusing on business, as argued by Machan (1998), government regulators ensure that individuals are engaged in fair dealing and get value for their money. With regards to the market, Machan (1988) further goes on to note that government regulators should ensure that the market attains its optimum

Boeing Capital Company Analysis

Boeing Capital Company Analysis Introduction The importance that is associated with air travel cannot be undermined in any manner since provides a fast means of traveling and ensuring that business is conducted in an efficient manner by availing people where they are needed to be within a very short time. Additionally, it creates diversity by taking people to different places where they can interact with individuals from various cultures which eventually helps to enhance the spread of diverse cultural practices to the entire world. Through air travel, many economies of the world have been transformed in a manner that cannot even be comprehended, and this has helped a lot in building some of the largest economies in the world. People are provided with a chance to experience new things in life. For instance, this has helped to diversify the manner in which education is being carried out since students can now travel all over the world in search of knowledge. The Aerospace space industry continues to grow each and every other day, and this is made possible by more than 8 million individuals undertake air travel daily. On top of that, defense and security have been further enhanced by air travel since it is possible to avail safety where it is required in a matter of minutes. Description of the Company or Agency (Basically what business are you in) Boeing is one of the largest aerospace companies in the world. It does not only specialize in the manufacture of commercial jetliners, but it is also involved in the production of various other products such as space security systems and defense systems such as the fighter jets. Boeing is the largest exporter company that is located in the United States. Apart from supporting most of the airlines in the country by providing commercial airplanes, it also provides its products to other customers who are mostly government organizations in over on hundred and fifty countries. Some of the products that are designed by Boeing are customized while others are only mass produced and sold to customers why dont need to specifications to be associated with the products that they intend to buy. Most of the tailored products include satellites machines, weapons, defense systems that are electronic in nature, military aircraft, commercial aircraft, launch systems, advanced communication systems, pe rformance-based handling and training systems and even simulator machines. The company has been involved in the production of aerospace equipment for many years, and it is considered to be a leading company in this field due to the experience and the reputation that is associated with the organization. With time, it continually strives to tap into sections of the market that other aerospace companies have failed to explore. It is through the provision of a variety of services and products that can help to meet the needs of the clients in the most accurate manner. Some of the capabilities associated with Boeing Company include the ability to develop more advanced and better types of commercial airplanes because it is continually undertaking research into the market so as to understand the level of customers satisfaction based on the products that it has already availed to the market. Additionally, it can integrate the available defense systems and the military platforms, develop technology solutions that are more advanced than the ones that were already avai led in the market thanks to the team of researchers in the company that is continually looking for ways of improving the available systems. Finally, it is capable of coming up with financing options for the potential customers so as to enable more clients to gain access to its products since they normally are very expensive. Operation Description The company has an extensive knowledge about its clients, and this is enabled by an in-depth research of the market. Therefore, the company is able to understand the type of equipments that are needed by its customers. Boeings Capital Corporation (BCC) also has a collection of financial professionals why have been practicing the skill for an extended period hence they understand precisely how the market operates. BCC is one of the best financial corporations that provides support to clients who have subscribed to its services. The business is closely associated with the production of commercial planes, and Security Space Defense. The Corporation helps its customers to raise the required finance that will enable them to purchase and transfer Boeings products to their promises successfully. By the end of 2015, the company had earned a value of about four billion dollars. BCC has managed to achieve its success basically by incorporating its power of finance and its extensive network, therefore, enabling it to reach customers who are not only located in the United States but all over the World. Equipment or Aircraft For very many years, Boeing has been one of the major companies involved in the manufacture of commercial airplanes that are used in most countries. Its line of products is usually preferred by many clients simply because they are of high quality. Currently, the company can manufacture many commercial airplane versions which include Boeing 747, 743, 777,767 and finally the 787. These are in the range of the biggest commercial airplanes produced by Boeing. Other products that are still in the production line include the Boeing 777X, 737 Max, and the 787-10 Dreamliner. With each version of him Boeing, various characteristics are continually changed, and one of the most important aspects is the size which is steadily increasing for each version. Since the company started production of the Boeing line of products, it has managed to avail into the market about ten thousand commercial jets in the whole world which make about half of the fleet of the total airplanes that have ever been prod uced by any company. Additionally, the company provides cargo-carrying airplanes, which make up ninety percent of the total cargo planes in the world. The company offers its client with Commercial Aviation Services. By doing this, the company can provide unmatched all year support services to its customers which enable most of the airline companies and also the leasing companies that have subscribed to the company services to achieve operational efficiency. The Commercial Aviation Services department helps to provide aftermarket parts, modification, informations logistics services, engineering, and customer care support services. Other services provided include overhauled services, repair, and maintenance labor (Wen, 2003). Maintenance Requirements The Shared Services Corporation provides Boeing business units associated with a common pool of services so as to help in supporting the worldwide operations of the company. The shared services are of a wide variety, and they range from the maintenance and protection of Boeings international sites, Sales management, and acquisition of any property that may have been leased. The corporation is also involved in the purchasing of products that are not necessarily used in the production process and other office equipment supplies. Various human resource services which also include the recruitment of new employees are some of the services that are offered by this corporation to Boeing. Finally, Shared Services Corporation Actively participates in the management of Boeings financial matters, any expenses that may be incurred by the company as a result of travels to and from various destinations, and in availing communication services that have been customized (Holsapple, 2000). The Site Se rvices Corporation also offers Boeing with the maintenance and repairs services, reals estate management, planning of the manner in which property will be acquired, and finally the process of implementing projects that involve the construction of structures (Saraph et al 1989). Managers Roles and Responsibilities All the activities that are typically undertaken in Boeings offices are finalized by the company employees, corporation officers, and managers with the help and guidance of the Board of Directors together with Chief Executive Officers. The organizations corporate governance policies and practices are typically reviewed continuously by the organization committee. The Board of directors and the corporations officers have a long-term interest in the company. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the corporation clients, public officials, employees, suppliers, surrounding communities, and shareholders gain positively out of the operations of the organization. On top of that, the Board has managed to develop its own Code of Ethics that helps in the conducting the daily activities of the corporation so that they are in line with the various legal stipulations (Zahra, 1989). Having these regulations helps the company to continually stay on the right track as they deal with the different ethical issues that arise within the business premises as a result of the operations being carried out by various employees. Through the use of the code of ethics, the company is also able to enhance the mechanisms that already exist within the organizations and can help in reporting cases of unethical behavior occurring as this plays a crucial role in ensuring that a culture of accountability and honesty is enforced within the company premises (Pronovost et al, 2009). Staff Qualifications, Certifications, and Responsibilities Within the Shared Services Corporation, Boeing constitutes has a percentage of shares since it has employed approximately forty thousand employees who are responsible for availing about forty types of unique services all day long throughout the year. The Sites services have a bee assigned a budget of about three billion dollars which is specifically meant for the operations services. By doing this, the company can leverage scale economies so as to enable the delivery of value-added services to clients and its business partners who are involved in the manufacture and provision of defense and security and additionally the commercial airplanes that need to be availed to the company (Waldron, 2006). The company has it corporate offices located in Chicago, and it has managed to employ over one hundred and fifty employees within the United States and sixty-five more countries. The companys continued existence is a reflection of its diversity and ease in adapting to the changing market conditions such that it can last for a very long time. Additionally, one important factor that supports the continuous positive progress of the company is the fact that it has a very innovative and hardworking workforce. Our business continues to outsource more of the talented youth in the world so that they can join its workforce and continue to make it rise higher. The company does not necessarily look for academic qualification so that it can employ an individual, but rather, it explores the various ways that it can use the talent of individuals to encourage innovation in the society. Regulations and Laws The various operations of the company are guided by different by-laws that regulate the manner in which meetings will be carried out by the board of directors and various stakeholders to ensure inclusive of all parties that are interested in the operations and management of the company (Berkes, 2000). According to the laws of the company, the Annual General Meeting is supposed to be held on a particular date and time that is precisely determined by the board of directors. During such meetings, the leaders will be elected, and any other significant business transactions that need to be addressed also have to be discussed during such meetings. The board of directors has the power to call a meeting with all the stakeholders at any time that it wishes to do so. Also, in case the Secretary makes a special request for a meeting, then the board of directors is supposed to summon all the stakeholders for the meeting. The secretary can only write a special request for a meeting when there is a need to undertake an election so as to dispose of about 25% of shares held by the company. For such a request, each of the stakeholders provides a signature stating the number of shares that they own. Any business that is transacted in the course of a particular meeting is only supposed to be limited to the purpose for which the meeting was called upon, and it should not deviate to any other general matters. Any meetings that are held together with the stakeholders shall be conducted within specified premises as directed by the board of directors or as it is indicated in notices. However, there is a default location in which the meetings should be held. Notice of any meeting that should be held will be availed to stakeholders through any suitable methods but most specifically mail or an electronic transmission option. All Stakeholders have the right to vote at any meeting called forth. They also have the right to express any form of dissatisfaction towards any actions that may have been taken by the board of directors without the need of having to wait until a meeting is held (Delmas Toffel, 2004). Safety Security The shared services organization provides Boeing with various specialized services. For instance, it is responsible for offering the company with international insurance services that cover the company in case of the occurrence of a risk factor. The Shared Services is responsible for ensuring that the Security maintenance at all Boeing premises is at the highest level possible. Any premise associated with Boeing should be fully protected and most importantly the information that helps to support the continuous operation of the business. Any other risk mitigation measures should be fully installed to prevent an occurrence of damage to the company property (Tipton, 2012). The Defense, Security and Space Corporation is very diverse since it avails most advanced solutions to the market which can be used in the designing, production process, customization and offering support to clients who purchase rotorcrafts, satellite systems, weapons and fixed wings military aircraft. The organization is involved in providing clients with solutions to some of the major customer requirements by availing a full range portfolio which incorporates the 702 model of satellites. Some other defense products include the AH-64 helicopter, EA-18G aircraft that is electronics and is mostly used to attack enemies, KC-46 refueling planes, P-8 anti-aircraft/ submarine atropine (derived from the 737 commercial airliners). This organization is motivated by its capability to offer clients custom-made solutions that can address customers needs adequately and promptly and at the most suitable cost. Apart from producing products that are designed to be used by clients, this unit is responsible for the general management of security within all branches associated with Boeing. This is an operation cost reduction method since the company managers decided that it would be wise to use the services its own business units in the provision of security rather than make use of a different business organization that would only end up increasing the operation costs (Kaplan Norton, 1996). Environmental Responsibilities Working with stakeholders is important since it helps to ensure that activities that enhance environmental conservation are promoted. Due to its growth, Boeing targets to be a leader in promoting a sustainable environment as it also strives to provide its employees with the best services that can be availed in the industry. The three top tenets that Boeing aims to address are; encouraging worldwide collaboration in environmental conservation, design the future in a sustainable manner and finally coming up with sustainable innovations (Selin, 1995). The company intends to avail the best and most fuel-efficient planes in the industry. Also, it plans to provide highest quality services to its customers. All this will be achieved through; ensuring that it complies with various environmental regulations as it conducts its daily operations. Boeing has also come up with its policies and procedures that can help to ensure that environmental conservation is enhanced. Preventing environmental pollution through conservation of energy resources as this will contribute to the reduction of the levels of waste that gets disposed of by researching on the various mitigation measures. The company has managed to develop a management system that will help in improving the state of the environment both for the current and future generation through the reduction of waste that is normally released into the environment (Born, 1995). Other Management Factors Considered The Company is organized into three major business units. They are; Defense, outer space security department, and the Commercial production and supply unit. The whole company is majorly supported by a corporation known as Boeing Capital which is the primary provider of financial solutions to all the company branches worldwide (Probst, 2004). This financial firm also helps to finance other businesses that may have subscribed to its services. Other Corporations involved in supporting the major units at the company include Shared Services Organization (it avails some services to all the company branches), Boeing Engineering, Operations and Technology (this organization helps to create, purchase, implement and provide protection to the various innovations that are developed at Boeings premises) (Council, 2007). The business and finance organization is responsible for offering shared services in accounting, cost management, and financial management. The agency is responsible for providin g account payroll/payable functions to all business units associated with Boeing (Jensen, 1997). References Berkes, F., Folke, C., Colding, J. (2000). Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press. Born, S. M., Sonzogni, W. C. (1995). Integrated environmental management: strengthening the conceptualization. Environmental management, 19(2), 167-181. Council, A. C. G. (2007). Corporate governance principles and recommendations. Boeing: Shared Services. Boeing.Com, 2017, http://www.boeing.com/company/key-orgs/ssg.page. Delmas, M., Toffel, M. W. (2004). Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework. Business strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 209-222. Holsapple, C. W., Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2), 235-261. Jensen, R. S. (1997). The boundaries of aviation psychology, human factors, aeronautical decision making, situation awareness, and crew resource management. The international journal of aviation psychology, 7(4), 259-267. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system. Probst, T. M. (2004). Safety and insecurity: exploring the moderating effect of organizational safety climate. Journal of occupational health psychology, 9(1), 3. Pronovost, P. J., Goeschel, C. A., Olsen, K. L., Pham, J. C., Miller, M. R., Berenholtz, S. M., Loeb, J. M. (2009). Reducing health care hazards: lessons from the commercial aviation safety team. Health Affairs, 28(3), w479-w489. Saraph, J. V., Benson, P. G., Schroeder, R. G. (1989). An instrument for measuring the critical factors of quality management. Decision sciences, 20(4), 810-829. Selin, S., Chevez, D. (1995). Developing a collaborative model for environmental planning and management. Environmental management, 19(2), 189-195. Tipton, H. F., Nozaki, M. K. (2012). Information Security Management Handbook, Volume 6. Auerbach Publications. Waldron, J. (2006). Safety and security. Neb. L. Rev., 85, 454. Wen, T. A. N. G., Zhong, C. H. E. N. (2003). Research of subjective trust management model based on the fuzzy set theory. Journal of software, 14(8), 1401-1408. Zahra, S. A., Pearce, J. A. (1989). Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of management, 15(2), 291-334.

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ... Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ...